Diabetic retinopathy (DR) usually takes several years to develop. In many cases, it may take at least 5 years for the condition to develop after a diagnosis of diabetes. However, the onset, progression, and extent of vision loss can vary widely.

The risk of DR can increase the longer a person has diabetes. DR may be more common in those living with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) than those with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). The lifetime risk of DR is more than 90% in those with T1DM and up to 60% in those with T2DM.

Other risk factors for DR can include difficulty managing blood sugar levels and having high blood pressure and high cholesterol levels. Additionally, Hispanic or African American people may develop DR more often.

Two types of DR exist: nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). DR is a progressive eye condition, meaning it worsens over time. Health experts may refer to the four stages of DR. NPDR refers to the earlier stages, while PDR describes the most severe stage. An eye doctor can recognize signs of DR and identify the staging.

The early stages of DR do not generally cause noticeable symptoms, which is why it is important for those living with diabetes to receive eye exams at least once yearly. The earliest symptoms of DR may include:

  • blurriness
  • dark spots
  • difficulty differentiating colors
  • eye floaters

As DR progresses, the symptoms worsen and may eventually lead to vision loss. An early diagnosis, diabetes management, and DR treatment can help prolong vision and prevent complications.